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Symptoms of disease - violation of the liver

The defeat of the liver pathological process is accompanied by a violation of a protective barrier () function of the liver, which manifests itself in the reduction of the phagocytic activity Kupffer stellate cells (endotheliocytes) and other macrophage elements and antitoxic (neutralizing) function.

Which diseases there is violation of the liver

In diseases of the liver (cirrhosis, hepatitis, liver cancer) violation of the liver may result not only from insufficient blood supply (hypoxia) and structural deformation of the body, but also a blockade Kupffer cells are formed in the liver itself, the products of decomposition of cells and metabolites. This lessens the ability of the liver macrophages eliminate by phagocytosis of blood fat drops, the red blood cells, microorganisms and their toxins, especially coming from the portal blood flow from the intestines, which leads to the emergence of toxemia with a variety of manifestations (leucocytosis, fever, hemolysis of red blood cells, renal failure, bowel erosion, etc.). The presence of portocaval anastomoses exacerbates the toxemic syndrome, which sometimes occurs as toxic shock in connection with the receipt of toxic substances from the intestine into the blood system against the background of off the phagocytic function of the liver. In addition, with the weakening of phagocytosis as nonspecific protective reaction reduces the body's resistance to infectious factors. At the same time increases the frequency of allergic (autoallergic) processes in the liver, and other organs and systems, which is caused by the violation of the capture of the blood and destruction of macrophages liver antigens and immune complexes (in the norm of the stellate reticulo endothelial digested 95% of the substances with antigenic properties).

Lowering the antitoxic function of the liver due to violation of its metabolic functions - the synthesis of urea (neutralization of toxic ammonia), oxidation (aromatic hydrocarbons), recovery (nitrobenzene in para-aminophenol), acetylation (sulfonamides), hydrolysis (alkaloids, cardiac glycosides), conjugation (education pair connections with glukuronova acid, glycine, cysteine, taurine - for the binding of indirect bilirubin, skatole, phenol, indole, etc.). In addition, if any of the liver is violated another way of detoxification - the transformation of insoluble (apolar) substances in soluble (polar) connection, which may be withdrawn from the body with jelchew and urine. To a weakening of antitoxic function of the liver leads damage of hepatocytes as loci of neutralization, decreases the activity of enzymes catalyzing the reactions of detoxification, and lack of energy. Violation of the antitoxic function of the liver at her defeat may increase the sensitivity of the organism to a variety of drugs - quinine, morphine, barbiturates, digitalis, etc. This is due to the fact, that at reduction of their cleavage in the liver toxicity of these substances for the organism increases, causing the poisoning. In addition, in the process of metabolic transformations of toxic compounds in hepatocytes may be formed even more toxic substances (synthesis of hepatotoxic substances - metabolites of a number of medications, such as isoniazid; the formation of carcinogenic substances). Violation of exkretorna functions of the liver because of the difficulty of bile flow can also lead to the accumulation of toxic substances in the body.

Turning off the antitoxic function of the liver leads to the development of Reye's syndrome (hepatic encephalopathy) and the most severe form of clinical manifestations of liver failure, hepatic coma. Hepatolenticular syndrome characterized by violations of mentality, consciousness and motor disorders (tremor, ataxy, muscle rigidity), can go into a hepatic coma.

Violation of bile educational and biliary (exkretorna) the functions of the liver

Liver cells secrete bile, which consists of bile acids, bile pigments, cholesterol, phospholipids, fatty acids, mucin, water and other substances.

The liver is involved in education, metabolism and excretion of bile pigments. In stellate endothelial cells of the liver, in the macrophages of the bone marrow, spleen of the hemoglobin of the destroyed red blood cells are formed verdoglobin of it, after the splitting of the atom of iron and globin - biliverdin, which turns, recuperating, in bilirubin. In blood bilirubin is connected mostly with albuminom, and this complex is called free, unconjugated, indirect bilirubin (indirect, as colouring with diazo reagent Erlich gives only after the deposition of protein). It is insoluble in water, in the norm makes 75% from total bilirubin blood (6,8 - 20,5 mmol/l according to the method of Endrashik, et al.), non-toxic, does not penetrate into the brain and, therefore, may not cause bilirubin encephalopathy. Free bilirubin, not included in the bilirubin-albumin complex, easily passes through the blood-brain barrier and, interacting with phospholipids membranes of neurons, enters the cells of the Central nervous system and can damage them. However, in the normal concentration of free bilirubin in the blood is so small, and the ability to albumin relate it is so high, that it has no toxic effects.

With your vascular pole hepatocytes carry out the seizure of blood unconjugated bilirubin, from which in the cytoplasmic membrane separates albumin. In the transfer of bilirubin through the cell membrane, and then from the cytoplasm into the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum participate proteins Y (ligandin) and Z (glutathione). In the membranes of endoplasmic reticulum hepatocytes bilirubin conjugated with uridine diphospho glucuronic acid (UDPGA) under the influence of the enzyme UDP-glucuronyl and formed mono glucuronide bilirubin (IYB), which have biliary pole hepatocytes passes through hepatic canalicular membrane in the gall of the concentration gradient produced by the bile acids (information process). In bile canals of two molecules of the MGB is formed diglucuronide bilirubin (hospital) with the participation of bilirubin-glucuronyl. Thus, in the bile contains conjugated bilirubin (mainly children's hospital), soluble in water, the so-called associated, or direct bilirubin (gives a direct reaction with diazo reagent).
In extrahepatic moves, gall bladder and intestine (mainly) from children's hospital under the action of enzymes of the intestinal microflora segregates glucuronic acid (deconjugation), free bilirubin into the blood, and the remaining children's hospital is restored to urobilinogen (mesobilinogen), part of which is absorbed through the intestinal wall into the blood and from the portal vein enters the liver (hepatic and intestinal circulation), which breaks down to pyrrole connections. In connection with the fact that urobilinogen the norm in the overall flow does not fall, it is not and in the urine. Most of the urobilinogen in the large intestine is restored to stercobilinogen, excreted with faeces in the form of oxidized forms - stercobilinogen. The insignificant number of stercobilinogen, suck in the blood in the lower section of the large intestine, through the lower hemorrhoidal veins enters into the system of the lower hollow vein and is excreted in the urine, which normally contains traces of stercobilinogen. However, in clinical practice it is accepted to name urobilinogen bodies (the General term for the spun-off in the urine products of metabolism of bilirubin). Наличие сертификатов свидетельствует о лицензионном софте и мы рекомендуем играть в казино пин ап на реальные деньги только удостоверившись в подлинности лицензий.

Violation of the bile production is reflected in the increase or decrease of secretion of bile, and as a rule, with a simultaneous change of its composition.

The reasons for increasing or decreasing the bile production can be the following:
1) change of the dependent regulation (for example, increase the secretion of bile with the strengthening of the tone of the vagus nerve or increasing incretion secretin production by and g);
2) dietary factors, some medicinal plants and preparations (fats, egg yolk, the infusion of corn stigmas, sorbitol, protein deficiency);
3) exogenous and endogenous factors that violate the energetic metabolism in the body, in the including in the liver, is not affected by the pathological process (hypoxia, overheating, hypothermia, cyanide poisoning);
4) the liver and bile passages diseases (hepatitis, hepatosis, cholecystitis), leading to the destruction of the secretory function of hepatocytes as a result of their dystrophy and destruction and change the reabsorption of the components of bile;
5) decrease of the activity of the intestinal microflora, which reduces hepatic and intestinal circulation of the components of bile and, consequently, their concentration in bile (in pathological processes in the small intestine, under the influence of antibiotics);
6) violation of the education and the exchange of bilirubin and bile acids and alteration of their content in bile.

Violation of the biliary excretion

The reasons for violations of the passage of bile on biliary ways in dwenadzatiperstnuu rectum can be the following:
1) mechanical barrier drain bile in case of compression bile passages from the outside (tumor of the pancreas head, inflamed tissue, scar) or occlusion (stone, helminthes, thick gall);
2) violation of innervation bile passages - Hyper - and hypokinetic psoriasis (for example, decrease biliary excretion with spasm of the sphincter of the cervix of the gall bladder);
3) change the humoral regulation biliary excretion (biliary excretion increases with the hyperproduction secretin production by, holetsistokinina, motilin).

Which doctor should I contact if there is a violation of the liver

• Hepatologist
• Gastroenterologist

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Do you feel disrupted liver? You should be very careful approach to your health in general. People pay not enough attention to the symptoms of the disease and don't realize that these diseases can be critically dangerous. There are many diseases that in the beginning didn't manifest in our body, but in the end it turns out, unfortunately, it have already been treated too late. Every disease has its own specific features typical symptoms - called symptoms of the disease. Definition of symptoms is the first step in the diagnosis of diseases in general. You just need a few times a year to be screened by a doctor, not only to prevent a terrible disease, but also to maintain a healthy spirit in a body and the organism in general.

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Map of the symptoms and the types of disorders is intended solely for educational purposes. We strongly recommend do NOT self-medicate; on all matters relating to the definition of the disease and ways of its treatment, contact your doctor. Md-tips is not responsible for the consequences of use information posted on the site.