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Symptoms of disease - violation of homeostasis

Homeostasis (from Greek homoios - like and stasis - immobility) - the process by which achieved a relative constancy of the internal environment of the body (the constant temperature of the body, blood pressure, and concentration of sugar in the blood).

As a separate mechanism can be identified neuro-psychic homeostasis, at the expense of which it is provided the preservation and maintenance of optimum conditions of functioning of the nervous system in the process of implementation of various forms of activity.

Age peculiarities of homeostasis in children.
The constancy of the internal environment of the body and the relative stability of the physico-chemical indicators in the children's age are provided with the expressed prevalence of anabolic processes of exchange over catabolic. This is the indispensable condition for the growth and distinguishes the body of a child from an adult organism, in which the intensity of metabolic processes is in a state of dynamic equilibrium. In connection with this neuroendocrine regulation of homeostasis of the child's organism is more intense, than in adults. Each age period is characterized by the specific features of the mechanisms of homeostasis and their regulation. So the children much more often than in adults, there are severe violations of homeostasis, often life-threatening. These violations are most often due to the immaturity of homeostatic functions of the kidneys, disorders of the functions of the gastrointestinal tract or respiratory function of the lungs.

The growth of the child, resulting in the increase of the mass of its cells is accompanied by a distinct changes of the distribution of fluids in the body. The absolute increase in the volume of extracellular fluid is still lagging behind the General rise of weight, so the relative size of the internal environment, expressed as a percentage of the weight of the body decreases with age. This dependence is particularly pronounced in the first year after birth. In children older age the rate of change in the relative volume of extracellular fluid decreases. The system of regulation of constancy of volume of liquid compensate the deviations in water balance within fairly narrow limits. A high degree of hydration of the tissues in newborns and children of early age determines significantly higher than that of adults, the need of the child in the water (per unit of body weight). The loss of water or its limitation quickly lead to the development of dehydration due to the extracellular sector, i.e. the internal environment. The kidney is the main Executive bodies in the system of volumeregulation - do not provide the saving of water. The limiting factor of regulation is the immaturity of the tubular system of the kidneys. The most important feature of neuroendocrine control of homeostasis in newborns and children of early age is relatively high secretion and renal excretion of aldosterone, which has a direct impact on the state of hydration of the tissue and function of the renal tubules.

Regulation of the osmotic pressure of blood plasma and extracellular fluid in children is limited. The osmolality of the internal environment varies in a wide range of (a 50 mOsm/l) than in adults (I? 6 mOsm/l). It is connected with the more the surface of the body on 1 kg of weight and, consequently, with the more significant water losses in breathing, as well as to the immaturity of the renal mechanisms of concentration of urine in children. Disorders of homeostasis, manifested hyperosmosis, are particularly common in children of the newborn and the first months of life; in older ages is beginning to prevail hypoosmosis, associated chiefly with the gastro-intestinal disease or kidney disease. Less studied the regulation of ion homeostasis, is closely associated with the activities of the kidneys and the nature of power.
violation of homeostasis-a
Homeostasis (from Greek homoios - like and stasis - immobility) - the process by which achieved a relative constancy of the internal environment of the body (the constant temperature of the body, blood pressure, and concentration of sugar in the blood).

As a separate mechanism can be identified neuro-psychic homeostasis, at the expense of which it is provided the preservation and maintenance of optimum conditions of functioning of the nervous system in the process of implementation of various forms of activity.

Age peculiarities of homeostasis in children.
The constancy of the internal environment of the body and the relative stability of the physico-chemical indicators in the children's age are provided with the expressed prevalence of anabolic processes of exchange over catabolic. This is the indispensable condition for the growth and distinguishes the body of a child from an adult organism, in which the intensity of metabolic processes is in a state of dynamic equilibrium. In connection with this neuroendocrine regulation of homeostasis of the child's organism is more intense, than in adults. Each age period is characterized by the specific features of the mechanisms of homeostasis and their regulation. So the children much more often than in adults, there are severe violations of homeostasis, often life-threatening. These violations are most often due to the immaturity of homeostatic functions of the kidneys, disorders of the functions of the gastrointestinal tract or respiratory function of the lungs.

The growth of the child, resulting in the increase of the mass of its cells is accompanied by a distinct changes of the distribution of fluids in the body. The absolute increase in the volume of extracellular fluid is still lagging behind the General rise of weight, so the relative size of the internal environment, expressed as a percentage of the weight of the body decreases with age. This dependence is particularly pronounced in the first year after birth. In children older age the rate of change in the relative volume of extracellular fluid decreases. The system of regulation of constancy of volume of liquid compensate the deviations in water balance within fairly narrow limits. A high degree of hydration of the tissues in newborns and children of early age determines significantly higher than that of adults, the need of the child in the water (per unit of body weight). The loss of water or its limitation quickly lead to the development of dehydration due to the extracellular sector, i.e. the internal environment. The kidney is the main Executive bodies in the system of volumeregulation - do not provide the saving of water. The limiting factor of regulation is the immaturity of the tubular system of the kidneys. The most important feature of neuroendocrine control of homeostasis in newborns and children of early age is relatively high secretion and renal excretion of aldosterone, which has a direct impact on the state of hydration of the tissue and function of the renal tubules.

Regulation of the osmotic pressure of blood plasma and extracellular fluid in children is limited. The osmolality of the internal environment varies in a wide range of (a 50 mOsm/l) than in adults (I? 6 mOsm/l). It is connected with the more the surface of the body on 1 kg of weight and, consequently, with the more significant water losses in breathing, as well as to the immaturity of the renal mechanisms of concentration of urine in children. Disorders of homeostasis, manifested gyperosmosis, are particularly common in children of the newborn and the first months of life; in older ages is beginning to prevail hypoosmosis, associated chiefly with the gastro-intestinal disease or kidney disease. Less studied the regulation of ion homeostasis, is closely associated with the activities of the kidneys and the nature of power.

Previously it was thought that the main determinant of the osmotic pressure of the extracellular fluid, is the concentration of sodium, however, later studies showed that the close correlation between the content of sodium in the blood plasma and the value of the total osmotic pressure of the pathology does not exist. The exception is the plasma hypertension. Consequently, a homeostatic therapy by introducing glucose saline solutions requires the control not only over the content of sodium in the serum and plasma of blood, but also for changes in the total osmolarity the extracellular fluid. Of great importance in the maintenance of General osmotic pressure in the internal environment has a concentration of sugar and urea. The content of these it is an osmotically active substances and their influence on water-salt metabolism in case of many pathological conditions can dramatically. Therefore, when any violations of homeostasis is necessary to determine the concentration of sugar and urea. Therefore in children of early age with violation of water-salt and protein modes can develop the condition of hidden Hyper - or gipoosmosa, giperazotemii.

An important indicator characterizing the homeostasis in children, is the concentration of hydrogen ions in the blood and extracellular fluid. In the antenatal and early postnatal periods regulation of the acid-alkaline balance is closely linked with the degree of saturation of blood with oxygen, which is explained by the relative predominance of anaerobic glycolysis in bioenergetic processes. In this case, even moderate hypoxia of a fetus is accompanied by the accumulation in the tissues of lactic acid. In addition, the immaturity of the acytogenetic kidney function creates preconditions for the development of the «physiological» acidosis (shift of the acid-base balance in the body in the direction of the relative increase in the number of anions of acid.). In connection with the peculiarities of homeostasis in newborns often arise disorders, standing on the edge between physiological and pathological.

The restructuring of the neuroendocrine system in puberty (puberty) is also associated with changes in homeostasis. However, the functions of the Executive organs (kidneys, lungs) make at this age the maximum degree of maturity, so heavy syndromes or diseases homeostasis are rare, more often the issue is offset by changes in the exchange of substances, which can be revealed only when the biochemical study of blood. In the clinic for the characteristics of homeostasis in children it is necessary to explore the following indicators: hematocrit, total osmotic pressure, the content of sodium, potassium, sugar, bicarbonates and urea in the blood, as well as the pH of the blood, р02 and pCO2.

Features of homeostasis in elderly and senile age.
One and the same level of homeostatic values in different age periods is supported by a variety of changes in the systems that govern them. For example, the permanence of the level of arterial blood pressure in younger age is supported by the higher the minute of cardiac output and low total peripheral resistance of vessels, and in elderly and senile - due to higher total peripheral resistance and reduce the value-minute cardiac output. When the aging body constancy of the most important physiological functions supported in the conditions of the increase reliability and reduce the possible range of physiological changes of homeostasis. The preservation of the relative homeostasis in substantial structural, metabolic and functional changes is achieved by the fact that at the same time is not only the extinction of the violation and degradation, but also the development of specific adaptive mechanisms. Due to this, is maintained a constant level of sugar in the blood, blood pH, osmotic pressure, the membrane potential of the cells, etc.

Of considerable importance in maintaining homeostasis in the process of aging of the organism have the change of the mechanisms of neuron-regulation, increases the sensitivity of tissues to the action of hormones and mediators on the background of weakening of the nervous influences.
With the aging of the organism varies considerably the work of the heart, pulmonary ventilation, metabolism, renal function, secretion of digestive glands, the function of glands of internal secretion, metabolism, etc. These modifications can be characterized as gomeorezis - regular path (dynamics) changes in the intensity of metabolism and physiological functions with age in time. The value of the progress of age-related changes is very important for the characteristics of the process of human aging, determine its biological age.

In elderly and senile age reduces overall potential of adaptive mechanisms. So in old age at higher loads, stresses and other situations, the probability of disruption of adaptation mechanisms and impaired homeostasis increase. The decrease of reliability of mechanisms of homeostasis is one of the most important prerequisites of the development of pathological disorders in old age.

Thus, homeostasis is integral term, functionally and morphologically uniting the cardiovascular system, the respiratory system, the renal system, water-electrolytic exchange, the acid-alkaline balance.

The main purpose of the cardiovascular system - delivery and distribution of blood in all basins of the microcirculation. The number of blood, thrown heart in 1 min., is minute volume. But the function of the cardiovascular system is not just in the maintenance of the specified minute of the volume and its distribution in the basin, and in changes of minute volume in accordance with the needs of the tissues in different situations.

The main task of the blood - the transportation of oxygen. Many surgical patients experiencing an acute fall in cardiac output, which violates the delivery of oxygen to the tissues and can be the cause of cell death, body and even the whole organism. Therefore, the assessment of functions of the cardiovascular system should take into account not only the volume, but also the oxygen supply of tissues and their need for it.

The main purpose of the respiratory system - ensuring adequate gas exchange between the organism and the environment with constantly changing speed of metabolic processes. The normal function of the respiratory system - the maintenance of a constant level of oxygen and carbon dioxide in arterial blood in the normal vascular resistance in a small circle of the blood circulation and the ordinary expenditure of energy on the respiratory work.

This system is closely connected with other systems, and first of all with cardio-vascular. The function of the respiratory system includes ventilation, pulmonary circulation, the diffusion of gases through the alveolar-capillary membrane transport of gases blood and tissue respiration.

Functions of the renal system: the kidneys are the main body, designed to maintain consistency in the physico-chemical conditions in the body. The main of them excretory functions. It includes: regulation vodno-elektrolitnogo balance, the maintenance of acid-base balance and removal from the body of the products of metabolism of proteins and fats.

Functions of water-electrolytic exchange: the water in the body plays a transport role, filling the cells, interstitial (intermediate), vascular space, is a solvent salts, colloids and crystalloid and takes part in biochemical reactions. All the biochemical fluid represent electrolytes, as dissolved in water salts and colloids are in dissociated condition. To list all the functions of electrolytes is impossible, but the main of them are: the conservation of osmotic pressure, maintaining the reaction of the internal environment, participation in biochemical reactions.

The main purpose of the acid-alkaline balance is to maintain continuity pH of the liquid environments of an organism as a basis for normal biochemical reactions and, therefore, of vital activity. Metabolism occurs with the indispensable participation of enzymatic systems, the activities of which are closely depends on the chemical reactions of the electrolyte. Together with the water-electrolyte metabolism of the acid-alkaline balance plays a crucial role in the regulation of biochemical reactions. In the regulation of acid-base balance participate buffer systems and many physiological systems of the body.

Which diseases there is violation of homeostasis

From the point of view of chemical Biophysics homeostasis is a condition in which all the processes responsible for the energy transformation in the body, are in dynamic equilibrium. This state has the highest stability and corresponds to physiological optimum. In accordance with the representations of the thermodynamics of the body and the cell can exist and to adapt to the conditions of the environment in which the biological system it is possible to establish a steady flow of physical-chemical processes, i.e. homeostasis. The main role in the establishment of homeostasis belongs in the first place the cellular membrane systems, which are responsible for the bio-energetic processes and regulate the speed of the income and the allocation of substances cells.

From these positions the main causes of impaired homeostasis is unusual for a normal activity of the non-enzymatic reactions involved in the membranes; in most cases it is a chain reaction of oxidation with the participation of free radicals, resulting in phospholipids cells. These reactions lead to the damage of the structural components of cells and a violation of the functions of regulation. The factors that are the cause of disturbance of homeostasis, are also agents that cause radical formation, - ionizing radiation, infectious toxins, some of the food, nicotine, as well as lack of vitamins, etc.

One of the main factors stabilizing homeostatic status and function of membranes, are bio-antioxidants that hinder the development of oxidative radical reactions.

Which doctor should I contact if there is a violation of homeostasis

• Endocrinologist

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Do you feel disrupted homeostasis? You should be very careful approach to your health in general. People pay not enough attention to the symptoms of the disease and don't realize that these diseases can be critically dangerous. There are many diseases that in the beginning didn't manifest in our body, but in the end it turns out, unfortunately, it have already been treated too late. Every disease has its own specific features typical symptoms - called symptoms of the disease. Definition of symptoms is the first step in the diagnosis of diseases in general. You just need a few times a year to be screened by a doctor, not only to prevent a terrible disease, but also to maintain a healthy spirit in a body and the organism in general.

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