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Symptoms of disease - violation of the motor function

Reduction of skeletal muscles, as well as their tone associated with the excitation and-motoneurons, located in the spinal cord. The force of contraction of the muscle and its tone depend on the number of prosecutions motoneurons and frequency of their discharges.

Motoneurons excited primarily due to the impulses, coming to them directly from the afferent fibres sensitive neurons. This mechanism lies in the basis of all spinal reflexes. In addition, the function of the motor neurons is regulated by numerous pulses coming to him on the pathways of the spinal cord from various divisions of the brain stem and cerebellum, basal nuclei and bark of a large brain, exercising Supreme motor control in the body. Apparently, these regulatory impact of act either directly on α-motoneurons, raising or lowering their anxiety, or indirectly through a system of Renshaw and fusi motor system.

System Renshaw presented cells, providing inhibitory effect on motoneurons. Stepping pulses coming directly from α-motor neurons, the cells Renshaw control the rhythm of their work.

Fusi-motor system is γ-motoneurons, the axons of which are used to muscle spindles. Excitement γ-motoneurons leads to the reduction of the spindles, which is accompanied by an increase in the frequency of impulses, which afferent fibers reaches α-motoneurons. The consequence of this is the excitation of α-motoneurons and increase of the tone of the relevant muscles.

Violation of motor functions arise as by damage to specified departments of the Central nervous system, and in violation of conduction of motor nerves, and the transmission of impulses from the nerve to the muscle.

Which diseases there is violation of the motor function

The most common form of propulsion are paralysis and paresis - the loss or weakening of movements due to violation of the motor functions of the nervous system. The muscle paralysis of one side of the body is called hemiplegia, both the upper or lower limbs - paraplegia, all the limbs - tetraplegic. Depending on the pathogenesis of paralysis tone of the affected muscles can be either lost (flaccid paralysis) or increased (spastic paralysis). In addition, there are paralysis peripheral (if it is associated with damage to the peripheral motoneuron) and Central (as a result of the defeat of the Central motor neurons).

1. Violation of motor functions, associated with pathology of the end of the record and motor nerves.

The nerve-muscle connection is a cholinergic synapse. One of the most famous examples of violations of neuromuscular transmission in conditions of a pathology is myasthenia gravis. If the patient myasthenia to ask several times in a row, with force squeeze his hand in his hand, he succeeds only in the first time. Then with each subsequent movement of the strength in the muscles of his hands is decreasing rapidly. The muscle weakness is seen in many of the skeletal muscles of the patient, including the mimic, oculomotor, swallowing, etc. Electromyographic the study showed that in case of repetitive movements such patients is violated neuro-muscular transmission. Introduction antiholinesteraznah preparations to some extent eliminate the violation. Etiology of the disease is unknown.

To explain the reasons for myasthenia were put forward a variety of hypotheses. Some researchers suggest that in the blood of these patients are accumulated curariform substances, others see the cause of the excessive accumulation of cholinesterase in the end records, in violation of synthesis or allocation of acetylcholine. Researches of last years have shown that in patients with myasthenia in blood serum quite often detect antibodies to acetylcholine receptors. The blockade neuromuscular of may occur at the expense of connection of antibodies with the receptor. Destruction of thymus gland in these cases leads to the improvement of patients.

With the defeat of the motor nerves in the innervated muscle develops peripheral paralysis (type), disappear all reflexes, they atonic (flaccid paralysis) and with the passage of time atrophy. In an experiment of this type of motor disorders usually get by transection front of spinal roots or a peripheral nerve.

A special case is a reflex paralysis caused by the fact that at damage of any sensitive nerve impulses emanating from him, may have an inhibitory effect on motoneurons the relevant muscles.

2. Violation of motor functions, associated with the violation of the functions of the spinal cord.

Experimental violation of the functions of the spinal cord can be played back by his transection, which causes in vertebrates, the sharp decrease of motor reflex activity associated with nerve centers located below the transection, - spinal shock. The duration and severity of this condition in various animals are different, but the more, the higher is the animal in its development. A frog restoration of motor reflexes is observed already after 5 minutes, the dog and cat, partly through a few hours, and for the full recovery of weeks. The most pronounced phenomenon of the spinal shock man and apes. So, the apes after transection spinal cord knee reflex absent during the day and more, in the meantime as a rabbit's only 15 min.

Picture of shock depends on the level of transection. If the brain stem cut above the medulla oblongata, the breath is saved and blood pressure almost has not decreased. Transection of the trunk below the medulla oblongata leads to a complete stop of breathing and a sharp decline in blood pressure, because the vital centers of completely separate from the Executive bodies. Transection of the spinal cord at a level of the fifth cervical segment does not violate the breath. This is explained by the fact, that the respiratory center, and kernel, supply of the respiratory muscles, remain above transection and at the same time do not lose the connection with them, supporting it by means of the phrenic nerve.

Spinal shock is not a simple consequence of injuries, because after the restoration of the reflex functions re-transection below the previous does not cause shock. There are different assumptions about the pathogenesis of the spinal shock. Some researchers believe that the shock occurs due to the loss of a stimulating influence on the part of the higher nervous centers on the activity of the neurons of the spinal cord. According to another hypothesis, transection eliminates the dampening effect of higher motor centers in the spinal braking.

After some time after the disappearance of the phenomena of the spinal shock reflex activity is dramatically enhanced. A person with a break of the spinal cord all the spinal reflexes due to irradiation excitation in the spinal cord lose the normal limitations and localization.

Each motor function is determined by the topography and the structure of a particular area (its innervation, etc. ) Here is a list of infringements of impellent functions:

- Violation of lifting the shoulders up (violation of the functions of the trapezoid muscle) - due to violation of the extension nerve C5).
- Violation of the lifting up of hands up to the horizontal (violation of the functions of the deltoid muscle) - the reason n. axillaris or the external nerve, C5 - C6).
- Violated the extension and flexion of the elbow joint (violated functions biceps, triceps and shoulder muscles) - the reason of the muscles and the skin or radial nerve, a C5 - C6 - C7).
- Violated the leg extension and flexion of the hand (disturbed function flexors and extensors of the brush) - should look for the cause of radial and elbows nerves, C7 - C8).
- Violated pronation and supination the forearm (violation of the functions of the instep-raiser, triceps muscles and pronator) - a possible reason for radiation and mid nerves, C5 - C8).
- Violated the leg extension and flexion of the fingers (violated functions intercostals muscles, flexors and extensors of the fingers) - the reason in the middle, elbow and radial nerves, C7 - C8).
- Violated the lead, or to bring the fingers (violation of function intercostals muscle - possible cause in an elbow nerve, C8).
- Violated the bending and unbending in the hip joint (disruption of the functioning of the muscles of the ileo-lumbar, the gluteus Maximus) - the reason for the hip and lower breech nerves L3 - L4, L5 - S1).
- Violated cast functions and disposal of hips (disturbed function of small gluteus muscles and lateral thigh muscle) - look for the cause in the upper breech nerve and obturator nerve, L2 - L3).
- Violated the bending and unbending in the knee joint (violated function biceps muscles and the quadriceps muscle of thigh) - the cause of sciatic or hip nerves, L3 - L4, L5 - S1).
- Violated the bending and unbending the foot (disturbed function of the anterior tibial muscle and triceps the muscles of the shins) - it is necessary to search for the reason in the sciatic nerve, L4 - L5, S1 - S2).
- Violated the bending and unbending toes (violation of the flexors and extensors of the fingers) - the reason n. peroneus and n. tibialis, L4 - L5, S1 - S2).
- Violated abduction and enforcement of the foot (violation of the functions of muscles of the front and back tibial and peroneal) - it is necessary to pay attention to tibial and peroneal nerves, L4 - L5).
- Problems with walking on his heels (disturbed function of the anterior tibial muscle and extensors of the fingers) - a possible reason for peroneal nerve, L4 - L5).
- Problems with walking on his toes (disturbed function of the quadriceps muscle and flexors of the fingers) - the reason tibial nerve, L5 - S2).
- Violated the functions of flexion and extension of the spine (the affected function m. longissimus dorsi, m.m. spinales dorsi, m. quadratus lumbarum, etc.) - rather all the reason in the n.n. spinales posteriores, plexus lumbalis, L1 - L4).
- Violation of the bending of the body anterior (disturbed functions of the straight and oblique muscles of the abdomen) - the reason lies in the thoracic nerves, Д7 - D12).
- Violated the bending and unbending the head (violated the functions of the long muscles of the head, m. rectus capitis anterior, rectus capitis posterior) look for the problem in C2 - C6).
- Difficult to turn the head to the side (suffering a function of sterno-clavicular-nipple muscles) - most likely struck by additional nerve.

Defining the disturbed functions and establishing a possible cause of its occurrence, the doctor in more detail starts to work with the problem area. As a rule, problem areas are the defeat within 3-5 vertebrae.


3. Violation of motor functions in violation of the stem of the brain.

For the study of the movement disorders, connected with the violation of the functions of the various structures of the brain, exercising Supreme organs of control, most often cut the brain at different levels.
After transection brain between the lower and upper mounds tires middle brain, a sharp rise in the tone of extensor muscle - decerebrate rigidity. - Violation of lifting the shoulders up (violation of the functions of the trapezoid muscle) - due to violation of the extension nerve C5).
- Violation of the lifting up of hands up to the horizontal (violation of the functions of the deltoid muscle) - the reason n. axillaris or the external nerve, C5 - C6).
- Violated the extension and flexion of the elbow joint (violated functions biceps, triceps and shoulder muscles) - the reason of the muscles and the skin or radial nerve, a C5 - C6 - C7).
- Violated the leg extension and flexion of the hand (disturbed function flexors and extensors of the brush) - should look for the cause of radial and elbows nerves, C7 - C8).
- Violated pronation and supination the forearm (violation of the functions of the instep-raiser, triceps muscles and pronator) - a possible reason for radiation and mid nerves, C5 - C8).
- Violated the leg extension and flexion of the fingers (violated functions intercostals muscles, flexors and extensors of the fingers) - the reason in the middle, elbow and radial nerves, C7 - C8).
- Violated the lead, or to bring the fingers (violation of function intercostals muscle - possible cause in an elbow nerve, C8).
- Violated the bending and unbending in the hip joint (disruption of the functioning of the muscles of the ileo-lumbar, the gluteus Maximus) - the reason for the hip and lower breech nerves L3 - L4, L5 - S1).
- Violated cast functions and disposal of hips (disturbed function of small gluteus muscles and lateral thigh muscle) - look for the cause in the upper gluteal nerve and obturator, L2 - L3).
- Violated the bending and unbending in the knee joint (violated function biceps muscles and the quadriceps muscle of thigh) - the cause of sciatic or hip nerves, Провідна українська компанія murka лідер у розробці соціальних ігор. L3 - L4, L5 - S1).
- Violated the bending and unbending the foot (disturbed function of the anterior tibial muscle and triceps the muscles of the shins) - it is necessary to search for the reason in the sciatic nerve, L4 - L5, S1 - S2).
- Violated the bending and unbending toes (violation of the flexors and extensors of the fingers) - the reason n. peroneus and n. tibialis, L4 - L5, S1 - S2).
- Violated abduction and enforcement of the foot (violation of the functions of muscles of the front and back tibial and peroneal) - it is necessary to pay attention to tibial and peroneal nerves, L4 - L5).
- Problems with walking on his heels (disturbed function of the anterior tibial muscle and extensors of the fingers) - a possible reason for peroneal nerve, L4 - L5).
- Problems with walking on his toes (disturbed function of the quadriceps muscle and flexors of the fingers) - the reason tibial nerve, L5 - S2).
- Violated the functions of flexion and extension of the spine (the affected function m. longissimus dorsi, m.m. spinales dorsi, m. quadratus lumbarum, etc.) - rather all the reason in the n.n. spinales posteriores, plexus lumbalis, L1 - L4).
- Violation of the bending of the body anterior (disturbed functions of the straight and oblique muscles of the abdomen) - the reason lies in the thoracic nerves, Д7 - D12).
- Violated the bending and unbending the head (violated the functions of the long muscles of the head, m. rectus capitis anterior, rectus capitis posterior) look for the problem in C2 - C6).
- Difficult to turn the head to the side (suffering a function of sterno-clavicular-nipple muscles) - most likely struck by additional nerve.

Defining the disturbed functions and establishing a possible cause of its occurrence, the doctor in more detail starts to work with the problem area. As a rule, problem areas are the defeat within 3-5 vertebrae.


3. Violation of motor functions in violation of the stem of the brain.

For the study of the movement disorders, connected with the violation of the functions of the various structures of the brain, exercising Supreme organs of control, most often cut the brain at different levels.
After transection brain between the lower and upper mounds tires middle brain, a sharp rise in the tone of extensor muscle - decerebrate rigidity. To bend the limb in a joint, you need to make a considerable effort. At a certain stage bending resistance suddenly weakens the reaction of elongation. If after the reaction of the lengthening of the few to straighten a limb, resistance to bending restored - the reaction of shortening. The mechanism of development of decerebrate rigidity is in a sharp intensification of pulsation motoneurons. Increase of the tone of muscles has a reflex origin: when transection rear ropes spinal muscle tone relevant limbs disappears. The decerebrate animal along with the increase of the tone of the marked decrease in the phasic reflex to the tension, as can be judged on the strengthening of the tendon reflexes.
The pathogenesis of decerebrate stiffness of the complex. At the present time, we know that and tonic, and phasic reflexes are governed by an education. In mesh education there are two different in their functions of the zone. One of them, more extensive, extends from the hypothalamus to the medulla oblongata. Irritation of the neurons of this area has to impact on the reflexes of the spinal cord, enhances the reduction of skeletal muscles, caused by the irritation of the bark of a large brain. The likely mechanism for the facilitation is to reduce the braking impulses of the cells Renshaw. The second zone is only in the Antero-medial part of the medulla oblongata. Excitation of neurons of this area leads to inhibition of spinal reflexes and a reduction in muscle tone. Impulses from this area have a stimulating effect on the cells Renshaw and, in addition, directly reduce the activity of motor neurons. The function of the neurons of this zone is supported by impulses from the cerebellum, as well as from the bark of a large brain through ekstrapiramidnye way. Of course, the decerebrize animal the way are cut and activity of inhibitory neurons mesh education decreases, which leads to the dominance of facilitating zone and a sharp increase in muscle tone. Activity facilitates the area is supported by the sensory impulses from the sensory neurons of the spinal cord and vestibular nuclei of medulla oblongata. These kernel play an important role in the maintenance of muscle tone, and with their destruction in the animal decerebrate muscle rigidity on the appropriate side of sharply weakens.

4. Violation of motor functions, associated with the violation of the functions of the cerebellum.

Cerebellum is a highly organized center, rendering a regulating effect on the function of the muscles. To him comes the flow of impulses from receptors in muscles, joints, tendons and skin, as well as of organs of vision, hearing and balance. From the nuclei of the cerebellum the nerve fibers going to the hypothalamus, the red core of the middle brain, the vestibular nuclei and stretching the formation of the brain stem. On these routes is the impact of the cerebellum at the motor centers, starting from the bark of a large brain and ending with the spinal motoneurons. Cerebellum corrects the motor reactions of the organism, providing them with accuracy, which is especially evident with the arbitrary movements. Its main function is to harmonize phasic and tonic components of the movement act.

In the defeat of the cerebellum at the person or his removal in experimental animals have a number of characteristics of propulsion. In the first days after the removal of the cerebellum is sharply increased muscle tone, especially extensor. However, then, as a rule, muscle tone sharply weakens and develops atony. Atony through a long period may change again hypertension. Thus, it is a violation of muscle tone in animals, deprived of the cerebellum, which, apparently, is connected with absence of the regulating influence it, in particular the front of share, in-motoneurons of the spinal cord.

In animals, deprived of the cerebellum, the muscles are not able to conjoint tetanic reduction. This is manifested in the constant shake and shake the trunk and limbs of the animal (astasia). The mechanism of the violation consists in the fact, that in the absence of the cerebellum is not slowing proprioceptive reflexes and every muscle contraction, provoking proprioceptors, calls the new reflex.
In animals such violate the coordination of movements (ataxia). Movement lose smooth (asynergy), become shaky, clumsy, too strong, wide, which testifies to the disorder of the relationship between power, speed and direction of movement (dysmetria). The development of ataxia and dysmetria connected with violation of the regulating influence of the cerebellum on the activity of the neurons of the bark of a large brain. This changes the very nature of the impulses which cortex sends on corticospinal ways, due to which cortical mechanism of arbitrary motion may not bring their volume in compliance with the required. One of the characteristic symptoms of the violation of the functions of the cerebellum is the slowness of arbitrary movements at the beginning and a sharp increase them to the end.

When you delete knotted share of the cerebellum in monkeys, the equilibrium. Spinal reflexes, reflexes of the body and arbitrary motion is not frustrated by it. In the rest of the animal was not found any violations. However, sit it can only leaning against the wall, and stand at all is not able to (abasia).

Finally, for cerebellum animal is typical development of fatigue (extremely light strain).

5. Violation of motor functions, associated with the violation of the functions of pyramidal and symptomatic systems.

As is known, on pyramidal way impulses coming from the large pyramidal cells of a bark of a large brain to motoneurons of the spinal cord. In the experiment in order to make motoneurons from the influences of the pyramidal cells, produce a one - or two-sided transection pyramidal tract. It is easier to just such an isolated transection is performed in the trunk of a brain at the level of the trapezoidal tel. At that, firstly, the animal is lost or substantially violated stage and jump reflexes; secondly, violates some of the phasic movement (scratching, strikes with his paw, etc.). One-sided transection pyramidal the way of monkeys shows that the animal is very rare and as if reluctant to use limb that has lost the connection with the pyramidal system. Startled limb begins to move only with great excitement and perform simple, stereotyped movements (walking, climbing, etc.). Violated the subtle movements of the fingers, the animal cannot take an object. Decreased muscle tone in the affected limbs. Violation of phasic movements along with muscle hypotonia testifies about the decrease of excitability of spinal motoneurons. After bilateral transection pyramidal ways to execute arbitrary movements can only serve extrapyramidal system. Hypotension when this is observed in the muscles of the extremities as, SJSC and the body: head swings, change posture, belly bulge. After a few weeks of motor responses of the apes partly restored, but all the traffic it carries out very reluctantly.

Ekstrapiramidnye path ending in a basal nuclei of a bark of a large brain (which consist of two main parts - striped body and pallidus), red kernel, black substance, the cells of the grid of education and, probably, on the other subcortical structures. From them impulses for numerous nerve paths are transmitted motoneurons oblong and spinal cord. Absence of symptoms of relief after transection pyramidal ways, allows to assume that all of the inhibitory influence of the bark of a large brain to the spinal motoneurons are made through the extrapyramidal system. These effects apply to phasic, and on the tonic reflexes.

One of the functions of pallidus is an inhibitory effect on the underlying kernel symptomatic of the system, in particular the red core of the middle brain. When damaged, pallidus significantly increases tone skeletal muscles, which is explained by the release of red kernel from the inhibiting influence of pallidus. Because through the pale globe are reflex arc, make various supporting the movement, accompanying motor act, when his defeat develops, hypokinesia: movements are stiff, awkward, monotonous, disappears activity of the facial muscles.

Polostoe body sends efferent impulses mainly to the pale globe, adjusting and partly lipolysis its functions. This, apparently, is explained by the fact that, with the defeat of the phenomenon, the opposite of which are observed in the defeat of pallidus. Appears hyperkinesis - the strengthening of secondary movements in complex engine instrument. In addition, there may be atetoz and chorea. Atetoz is characterized by slow "vermiform" movements, located mainly in the upper extremities, especially in the fingers. With this in reducing participate at the same time the muscles-agonists and antagonists. For chorea is characterized by rapid stride non-rhythmic movements of the limbs, head and body.

Black substance is involved in the regulation of plastic tone and make a difference in the implementation of small movements of the fingers, requiring great precision and fine regulation of the tone. When damaged, the black substance muscle tone increases, however, what is the role of the substance itself, it is difficult to say, since broken her relationship with an education and red kernel.

Violation of the black substance lies in the basis of Parkinson's disease, in which there has been an increase muscle tone and permanent tremors of the extremities and trunk. Believe that in parkinsonizme because, the equilibrium between the black substance and white ball. The destruction of ways of conducting impulses from the pallidus, relieves the state of increased muscle tone and tremor when the disease.

6. Violation of motor functions, associated with the violation of the functions of a bark of a large brain.

Isolated violation of sensitive-motor area of the cortex, as well as full decortication animals lead to two main effects - violation of thin differentiated movements and improve muscle tone.

Very important is the problem of restoration of motor functions in animals to remote areas of the motor areas of the crust. After the removal of the bark of a large brain of a dog or cat is very quickly restores the ability of the right to stand, walk, run, although some defects (lack of hopping and promo reflexes) remain forever. Bilateral destruction of motor zone in monkeys makes them unable to rise, stand, and even there, they helplessly lying on its side.

With a violation of the functions of a bark of a large brain is tied to one type of motor disorders : seizures, which are observed in the treatment of epilepsy. In the tonic phase of epileptic fit the feet of the patient sharply straighten out, and the arms are bent. The rigidity of the kind of reminds decerebrate. Then comes the clonic phase, as expressed in the involuntary, the irregular contractions of muscles of the limbs, alternating with relaxation. As it turned out, in the basis of epileptic seizure is excessive synchronization bits in the neurons of the crust. The electroencephalogram, filmed during a convulsive seizure, consists of rhythmically following one after another peak discharges with large amplitudes, widely spread over crust. Such pathological synchronization involves in this strengthened the activity of many neurons, so that they cease to perform common for them differentiated functions.

The reason for the development of a convulsive seizure may be swelling or cicatricial changes, localized in motor or sensitive areas of the cortex. In some cases, the pathological synchronization discharges can participate thalamus. It is well known that non-specific kernel thalamus in the norm synchronize level of cells of a bark of a large brain that causes the characteristic rhythm of the EEG. Apparently, the increased activity of these nuclei, associated with occurrence in them of the generators of pathologically reinforced excitement, may be accompanied by a convulsive digit in the crust.

In the experiment apnoea level can be caused by different pharmacological drugs, acting directly on the surface of the crust. For example, under the action of the bark strychnine appear series of discharges of large amplitude, testifying to the fact that in their generation synchronously involved a lot of cells. Seizure activity can also cause, provoking the bark of the strong electric shock.

The starting mechanism of volleys convulsive digits in the bark still unknown. There is an opinion, that the critical moment, leading to the emergence of epileptic discharge, is a strong depolarization of apical dendrites. This causes electricity to flow through the rest of the cells and the emergence of rhythmic digits.

Which doctor should I contact if there is a violation of the motor function

• Neurologist
• Neurosurgeon

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Map of the symptoms and the types of disorders is intended solely for educational purposes. We strongly recommend do NOT self-medicate; on all matters relating to the definition of the disease and ways of its treatment, contact your doctor. Md-tips is not responsible for the consequences of use information posted on the site.