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Symptoms of disease - violation of fat metabolism

Metabolism is a totality of processes of digestion and absorption of neutral fats (triglycerides) and their decay products in the gastro-intestinal tract, intermediate metabolism of fats and fatty acids and elimination of fats, and also products of their metabolism from the body. The concepts of «metabolism» and «the exchange of lipids» are often used as synonyms, as included in the tissues of animals and plants are neutral fats and fat-like connection, United under the common name of lipids. Disorders of fat metabolism cause or are the result of many pathological conditions.

In the body of the adult person with food every day comes to an average of 70 g fats of animal and vegetable origin. In the oral cavity fats do not undergo any changes, as the saliva contains no splitting of fats enzymes. Partial decomposition of fats on glycerin or mono-and diglycerides of fatty acids begins in the stomach. However, it is slow, because in the gastric juice of the adult person and marine mammals of the activity of the enzyme lipase, catalyzing-the hydrolytic decomposition of fats, is very low, and the value pH of gastric juice is far from optimal for the action of this enzyme (optimum pH value for gastric lipase is within 5,5-7,5 pH units). In addition, in the stomach there are no conditions for the emulsification of fats, and lipase can actively hydrolyze only the fat, being in the form of fat emulsion. Therefore, in adults fats, who make up the bulk of dietary fat in the stomach particular do not undergo changes.

The main part of the food fats is splitting in the upper parts of the small intestine under the action of lipase pancreatic juice. The so-called pancreatic lipase shows the optimum action at a pH of approximately 8.0 and dissolves substrates, which are in emulsified state (the effect of it on dissolved substrates much weaker). This enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis (lipolysis) essential links in triglyceride molecule, resulting in formation of two molecules of fatty acids and beta-monoglyceride. As intermediate products lipolysis form of alpha - and beta-diglycerides of.

The regulation of lipid metabolism is the Central nervous system, in particular the hypothalamus that is evident already at the stage of fission and absorption of fat in the gastro-intestinal tract. Denervation of sites of gastrointestinal tract, as well as the status of the anesthesia lead to a slowdown of the fission and absorption of fats. Neurohormonal effect on fat metabolism due, primarily, to the regulation of the process of mobilization of fatty acids from fat depots. It is known that emotional stress in the blood increases the content of NEGK (in the norm of the concentration NEGK in the blood plasma is 400-800 micromole/l), which is explained by the sharp increase in the release of catecholamines in the blood, activation of lipolysis and the liberation NEGK. Therefore, long-lasting emotional stress can cause significant weight loss. By activation or inhibition of lipolysis is the effect on the fat metabolism and many other hormones (glucocorticoids, glukagona, ACTH, hormones of a thyroid gland etc., and also implements the impact of the various States of the organism (fasting, cooling, etc.).

Which diseases there is violation of fat metabolism

Disorders of fat metabolism. One of the causes malabsorption of fats in the small intestine may be their incomplete splitting due to or decreased secretion of pancreatic juice (lack of pancreatic lipase), or due to the reduced bile flow (lack of bile acids necessary for the emulsification of fat and education of fat micelles). Another, the most common cause malabsorption of fat in the intestine is a violation of the intestinal epithelium, the observed enteritah, hypovitaminosis, hypocorticism and some other pathological conditions. In this case monohlycerides and fatty acids can not be absorbed in the intestine because of the damage to the epithelium.

Impaired absorption of fats is also observed in pancreatitis, mechanical jaundice, after Subtotal resection of the small intestine, as well as vagotomy, leading to lower the tone of the gall bladder and delayed receipt of bile into the intestine. Reduced absorption of fat noted in hypogammaglobulinemia, Whipple disease, radiation sickness.

Impaired absorption of fat in the small intestine leads to the emergence of a large amount of fat and fatty acids in Calais - steatorrhea. With long-term violation of suction of fat the body is also an insufficient number of fat-soluble vitamins.

The decreased activity of the lipoprotein lipase violated the transition of fatty acids from chylomicrons and low-density lipoprotein (pre-beta lipoproteins) of blood plasma in the fat depot. The most sharply this violation is manifested in hyperlipoproteinemia I type (on the classification of Frederickson). This type of hyperlipoproteinemia, also called induced fats / or milk products or hyperlipoproteinemia, is characterized by the fact that due to the complete lack of activity lipoprotein lipase hereditary nature of triglycerides blood plasma may not be subjected to splitting and accumulate in the blood. Blood plasma in such cases has the milky because of the extremely high content of chylomicrons, but when it is standing POPs up creamy layer chylomicrons. The most effective treatment of this pathology is the replacement in the diet of natural fat synthetic, containing short chain fatty acids with 8-10 carbon atoms in carbon chain, suck from the intestine directly into the blood without prior education chylomicrons.

When V type hyperlipoproteinemia, also called mixed hyperlipemia, due to the decreased activity of the lipoprotein lipase in the blood together with the chylomicrons accumulate low-density lipoprotein. In these cases, intravenous patients with heparin, which is the activator of the lipoprotein lipase, leads to enlightenment, blood plasma (when I type hyperlipoproteinemia introduction of heparin has no effect). Patient is prescribed a diet low in fat and the limited content of carbohydrates.

In violation of the process of making pre-beta lipoproteins in the beta-lipoproteins in the blood accumulate pathological «flotation» beta-lipoproteins (type III hyperlipoproteinemia). For these patients is characterized by the reduced tolerance to carbohydrates: the load carbohydrates leads to a steady increase in the content of triglycerides and pre-beta lipoproteins in the blood. It is characteristic often a combination of this type hyperlipoproteinemia with diabetes.

Excessive accumulation of fat in adipose tissue is often observed in practically healthy people, especially among people of middle and elderly age. The reason for this is overeating, in which the total caloric content of food exceeds energy expenditure of the body (obesity). Excess deposition of fat is often observed three transition from physical activity to physical inactivity way of life, when the same level of excitability of food center and the old appetite and energy expenditure of the body is considerably reduced. Morbid obesity is observed in those cases, when separately or in the complex there are the following factors: reduced activity of fat tissue in relation to the mobilization of fat and increased activity of her in respect of deposits of fat; a forced March of carbohydrates into fats, increased excitability of the food center, reduced in comparison with the norm muscular activity. Reduction of the mobilization of fat observed in the hypothalamic lesions centers, when the weakened the impulses, coming in the fatty tissue by sympathetic ways and causing the acceleration of lipolysis neutral fats.

Braking mobilizing fat from the depot are also taking place with the weakening of the functions of the thyroid gland and the pituitary hormones (thyroxine, triiodothyronine, a thyroid-stimulating and STH hormones, lipomobilizing factor of the pituitary gland) activates lipolysis. The reduced function of sexual glands leads to excessive deposition of fat, especially if it is accompanied by a violation of the activity of the pituitary and hypothalamic centers and decreased muscle activity (adiposogenital dystrophy, Itsenko - Cushing's disease). Strengthening the conversion of carbohydrates into fats and Deposit them in the adipose tissue occur with increased secretion of ACTH, glucocorticoids and insulin. The main factor in the development of the so-called hereditary-constitutional obesity is Hyper secretion of insulin.

The deposition of fat may occur in certain parts of the adipose tissue, including located in the zones of distribution of certain nerve fibers. This fat deposition or, on the contrary, atrophy of the subcutaneous adipose tissue are associated with the change of the trophic function of the nervous system (lipidoses, liposis, Lipodystrophy).
The lack of the deposition of fat in adipose tissue (emaciation) develops due to the oppression of excitability of a food centre, lower intake of fat and carbohydrates (for example, enteritah), the prevalence of the processes of mobilization of fat from adipose tissue over his deposition and the long-term fasting.

Violation of the education of fat from carbohydrates can be observed in lesions of vegetative trophic) centers of the hypothalamus-pituitary system, and adrenal cortex. Such violations are in the basis of the progressive depletion of the pituitary cachexia (Hypothalamic-pituitary insufficiency) and Addison disease.

The accumulation of fat in the liver cells often be a reaction to the liver to a variety of diseases, toxic effects and injuries. The accumulation of fat in the liver occurs when the rate of education in it triglycerides exceeds the rate of their utilization. Fatty liver is observed in diabetes, obesity, protein deficiency, poisoning with alcohol, carbon tetrachloride, phosphorus and with the failure of lipotropic substances in the body.
One of the most common disorders of fat metabolism in human beings is ketosis - higher education in the body, the accumulation in the tissues and blood and excretion in the urine ketone bodies.

Under the action of ionizing radiation fat metabolism in various tissues of the body undergoes marked changes, which are of high quality and time features, depending on the type of tissue. When irradiated in the mucosa of the small intestine decreases the content of lipoproteins, phospholipids, fatty acids and cholesterol, which is determined by not only the destruction of the cells of the mucous membrane, but also the reduction in their synthesis of lipids. Activity lipases in the mucosa of the small intestine in the irradiation decreases, resulting in reduced intensity of the splitting of fats and the absorption of triglycerides; intake of fatty acids oppressed to a lesser extent. Depending on the conditions of supply content of lipids in the liver, with effects on the body of ionizing radiation increases or remains unchanged, but in any case, stimulates the synthesis of the so-called common lipids and their factions - triglycerides, phospholipids, fatty acids and cholesterol, and oppressed by the synthesis of neutral fats, coupled with glycolysis (or glycogenolysis), and activation of the synthesis of fats from acetic acid. As a result of disorders of fat metabolism in the liver after non-specific reaction to radiation, as a rule, develops hyperlipemia. In the basis of mechanism of development postradiation hyperlipemia is not so much the mobilization of fat loss of peripheral fat depots, as the strengthening of its biosynthesis in the liver. Fizzslots зеркало

In the first days after the exposure in the fat tissue increases lipid synthesis from glucose and its metabolites, which is associated with the activation of gluconeogenesis and subsequent hyperglycaemia and increase of insulin in the blood. At a later time after irradiation intensity of the synthesis of fat in adipose tissue is reduced and replaced by increased mobilization of fat from fat depots. In radioresistant tissues (brain, kidneys, lungs, skeletal muscle and myocardium) significant changes in fat metabolism after irradiation does not occur.

Which doctor should I contact if there is a violation of fat metabolism

• Dietician
• Therapeutist
• Family doctor
• Endocrinologist

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Do you feel disrupted fat metabolism? You should be very careful approach to your health in general. People pay not enough attention to the symptoms of the disease and don't realize that these diseases can be critically dangerous. There are many diseases that in the beginning didn't manifest in our body, but in the end it turns out, unfortunately, it have already been treated too late. Every disease has its own specific features typical symptoms - called symptoms of the disease. Definition of symptoms is the first step in the diagnosis of diseases in general. You just need a few times a year to be screened by a doctor, not only to prevent a terrible disease, but also to maintain a healthy spirit in a body and the organism in general.

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Map of the symptoms and the types of disorders is intended solely for educational purposes. We strongly recommend do NOT self-medicate; on all matters relating to the definition of the disease and ways of its treatment, contact your doctor. Md-tips is not responsible for the consequences of use information posted on the site.