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Symptoms of disease - violation of pronunciation

Pronunciation - process of formation of speech sounds, implemented by the energy (breathing), generator and resonator departments of the speech of the unit with the regulation of the Central nervous system.

Violation of pronunciation - group defects of pronunciation, including such nosological forms as dyslalia, rhinolalia (palatolalia), dysarthria and, partially, aphasia. Violations of pronunciation must be differentiated from the dialect accent and wrong pronunciation as a result of the low culture of speech and literacy.

Dyslalia - violation of pronunciation, arising out of or because of the anatomical defects articulatory machine, or because of the functional disorders of the motor speech and in speech-hearing systems, or as a result of unfavorable socio-psychological conditions.

“Deleted” dysarthria - violation of pronunciation because of the lack of innervation of the speech organs, accompanied by the inaccuracy and limited range of motion articulator. In addition to violations of pronunciation the “disappeared” dysarthria there are intonation restrictions, distortion tone, strength and height of the voices (voicelessness, nasal tone).

Open rhinolalia - violation of pronunciation and nasalized speech speech in congenital clefts of the upper lip, hard and soft palate. Pronunciation is characterized by great originality. The inferiority of palato-glotocnogo shutter leads to hypertrophy of the root and of the rear Department of the language and to the formation of the consonants in throatily-pharyngeal area with a specific snap sound and a noisy.

Which diseases there is violation of pronunciation

Usually, in violation of pronunciation violated the following groups of sounds: whistling (C, C', h, z', t), hissing (W, f, h, y), sonoristic (l, l', p, p', (j), velar (K, K', y, y', x, x'), ringing (C, h, g, b, d, g), soft (t', R, n).

In some children is broken only by one group of sounds, for example, only a hissing or only velar. Such a violation of the pronunciation defined as a simple (partial), or monomorphic. The other children are violated simultaneously two or several groups of sounds, for example, hissing and velar or whistling, sonoristic and clear. Such a violation of the pronunciation is defined as a complex (diffuse), or polymorphic.

In any of the groups above are three forms of violations of sounds:
- distorted pronunciation of the sound. For example: R throat, when the sound is formed vibration of the soft palate, and not the tip of the tongue;
- the absence of sound in the speech of the child, i.e. the inability to speak it. For example: "miacle" (miracle);
- replacement of one sound to others, available in the phonetic system of the language. For example: "milacle" (miracle).

Cause distorted pronunciation of sounds is usually lack of formation or violation of articulating motor skills. The children can not properly perform movements bodies articulating apparatus, especially the language, with the result that the sound is pronounced correctly. Such violations are called phonetic (some authors give them a definition of motor), as this phoneme is not replaced by another phoneme of the phonetic system of the language, but it sounds distorted, but this does not affect the meaning of the word.

The reason for the replacement of sounds usually is the lack of formation of phonemic hearing or in his violations, with the result that children don't hear the difference between sound and its substitute (for example, between the R and L). Such violations are called phonemic (some authors give them a definition of phonological or sensory), as this one phoneme is replaced by another, impairing the meaning of the word. For example, really sounds like "leally", the sign of the rate - as "late".

It happens that a child sounds of one group are replaced, and the other is distorted. For example, flying c, z, s are replaced by the sounds of the t, e (the clothes - "tloses", some - "tome", zero - "tero"), and the sound of R distorted. Such violations are called phonetic and phonemic.

Knowledge of the forms of violation of sounds helps to define a methodology of work with children. The phonetic violations pronunciations pay more attention to the development of articulatory machine, fine and gross motor skills. When phonemic violations of the basic accent is done on the development of speech and hearing, as one of its components, phonemic hearing.

Violations of the groups of sounds are indicated by the terms, formed from the names of the Greek letters, corresponding to the basic sound of each group:
- phonetic violations of whistling, hissing sounds are called lisping, and phonemic - parasigmatismus - from the name of the greek letter sigma, denoting sound with;
- phonetic violations sounds l and l' are called; lambdacism, and phonemic - paralambdacism - from the name of the greek letter lambda, denoting sound l;
- phonetic violations of the sounds of R and R' are called rhotacism, and phonemic - pararhotazismus - from the name of the greek letter ro, denoting sound; p
- phonemic violations of sound j are called jotazismus, and phonemic - para-jotazismus - from the name of the greek letter iota, denoting the sound of j;
- phonetic violations velar sounds are called kappacism, and phonemic - para-kappacism by name the greek letter Kappa, denoting the sound to.

Violations of the groups of loud and soft sounds of special terms are not - they are called:
- defects of the voicing;
- defects of the mitigation.

Thus, we can talk about the seven types of wrong pronunciation of the consonants of the Russian language. Each type has several varieties, for example, lisping can be: interdental side of the bow and etc.; parasigmatismus - dental, hissing, etc. (see p. 42). All types of violations have their own features to repair.

But the forms and types of violations of sounds, allocate more and level of violations. In logopaedics distinguish three levels of wrong pronunciation of sounds.

The first level. Complete inability to utter a sound. The child can not say it yourself in phrasal speech, in some words, in isolation, nor repeat the sample ("Look, how the air whistling, when out of the pump, " sssss. whistle and you like wind").
The second level. The child correctly pronounce the sound isolation (and sometimes may even repeat it in a separate simple words), but misrepresents or omits to all the words and in phrasal of speech, i.e. the correct sound is, but he is not automated.

The third level. The child can correctly pronounce the sound isolation, the words and even the repetition of the phrase, but in the speech flow mixes it with the other, close to the articulation or sound, but also correctly spoken in isolation. Most often children are mixed sounds s - h, h - g, s' - zh, c – sh, l - R, b - p, d - t, g - K. The proposed child phrase Grandmother drying wet clothes on a rope he can say so: "my Grantmoser dly wet clos on lope".

An adult should know exactly the level of wrong pronunciation of the sound, as this depends on the nature of the future work: to make the sound (the first level), to automate - gradually introduce to-speech (the second level), to differentiate with another sound (the third level).

You must take into account also the fact that violations of pronunciation can be and independent speech defects, and part of the other, more complex, speech disturbances (dysarthria, alalia, etc.).
In the first case, you have only work over the correction of the sound. In the second main will work on correcting the primary defect, to which at a certain stage of the added work for correction of the sound, which has in the main violations of its own peculiarities. Иногда хочется посмотреть такой жанр порно, как домашнее порно, где люди снимают всё как есть, проявляя свои реальные эмоции без какого-либо кинематографичного света. Ещё можно выделить реальное порно , которое было заснято, например, очевидцами, увидев ебущуюся парочку в каком-нибудь заведении, которая не смогла удержать своё возбуждение в штанах и выплеснула его своей волной страсти.

With the wrong pronunciation of the sounds of the children we meet very early, at the age of 2-3 years. However, there is often observed temporary (physiological) violation of pronunciation, due to lack of formedness speech hearing or articulatory of the machine. Under normal conditions, when in the kindergarten and home is the whole complex of measures on strengthening of health of children; when adults, talking with the child, do not use children's words, and give him the correct samples of speech; when there has been a systematic work on the formation of the correct pronunciation, contributing to the absorption of child phonetic system of the language, the development of speech motor and speech-hearing analyzers, physiological disorders pronunciation disappeared. However, already at this age, there are cases of pathological violations of the pronunciation, characterized by a persistent misuse of sounds. They can be caused by as violations of speech hearing, articulatory the machine, so disorders neurodynamics (lack of differentiation excitatory and braking processes in the cortex of the brain), the lack of a between the analyzer relations.

Correction of violations of the pronunciation - system speech therapy work, aimed at the formation of the correct pronunciation of submission (presentation phonemic) and perception (phonemic perception or hearing) phonemes and speech development. Are teachers, speech therapists and teachers of speech groups of children of pre-school educational institutions (kindergartens).

Which doctor should I contact if there is a violation of pronunciation

• Speech therapist

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Do you feel disrupted pronunciation? You should be very careful approach to your health in general. People pay not enough attention to the symptoms of the disease and don't realize that these diseases can be critically dangerous. There are many diseases that in the beginning didn't manifest in our body, but in the end it turns out, unfortunately, it have already been treated too late. Every disease has its own specific features typical symptoms - called symptoms of the disease. Definition of symptoms is the first step in the diagnosis of diseases in general. You just need a few times a year to be screened by a doctor, not only to prevent a terrible disease, but also to maintain a healthy spirit in a body and the organism in general.

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