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Symptoms of disease - breach of lipid exchange

A number of illnesses caused by a breach of lipid exchange. The most important among them should be called atherosclerosis and obesity. Diseases of the cardiovascular system, as a consequence of atherosclerosis, took the first place in the structure of mortality in the world. One of the most common manifestations of atherosclerosis - coronary heart. Accumulation of cholesterol in the walls of blood vessels leads to the formation of atherosclerosis plaques. They, increasing over time in the size, may overlap the lumen of the vessel and prevent the normal blood flow. If, as a result of the disrupted blood flow in the coronary arteries, then there is angina or myocardial infarction. Predisposition to atherosclerosis depends on the concentration of transport forms of blood lipids alpha-lipoprotein plasma.

Which diseases there is breach of lipid exchange

Accumulation of cholesterol (cf) in the vascular wall occurs due to the imbalance between entering it in intima vessels and its output. As a result of this imbalance cholesterol there is accumulated. In the centers of accumulation of cholesterol are formed structure - of atheroma. The most known are two factors, which cause the breach of lipid exchange.

1. Firstly, the change of the particles of LDL (glycosylation, the peroxide oxidation of lipids, hydrolysis of phospholipids, oxidation APO). Therefore, they are captured by special cells - "scavengers" (mainly, macrophages). Capture lipoprotein particles with the help of "junk" receptors proceeds unchecked. In contrast to APO/E - mediated endocytosis of this there is no regulatory effects, aimed at reduction of proceeds in a cage K.S described above. As a result of the macrophages get lipids, lose their function of the absorption of wastes and turn into foam cells. The past stay in the wall of the blood vessels and begin to secreting factors of growth, accelerating cell division. Occurs atherosclerotic proliferation of the cells.

2. Secondly, it is ineffective to the release of cholesterol from endothelial vascular wall circulating in the blood of the HDL.

Factors affecting the elevated levels of LDL in human

- Floor - is higher in males than in premenopausal women, and lower than in postmenopausal women
- Aging
- Saturated fats in the diet
- A high intake of cholesterol
- A diet with a low content of coarse fiber products
Consumption of alcohol
- Pregnancy
- Obesity
- Diabetes
- Hypothyroidism
- Cushing's Disease
- Uremia
- Nephrosis
- Hereditary hyperlipidemia

Disorders of lipid metabolism (dyslipidaemia), characterized by primarily increased content in the blood of cholesterol and triglycerides are the most important risk factors for atherosclerosis and its related diseases of the cardiovascular system. Concentration in blood plasma total cholesterol (cf) or its factions, is closely correlated with the incidence of and mortality from coronary heart disease and other complications of atherosclerosis. So the characteristics of violations of lipid metabolism is a mandatory condition for the effective prevention of cardiovascular diseases.

Breach of lipid exchange can be primary and secondary, and are characterized by only increase of cholesterol (isolated hypercholesterolemia), triglycerides (isolated hypertriglyceridemia), triglycerides and cholesterol (mixed hyperlipidemia).

The primary violation of lipid metabolism is determined by single or multiple mutations of the genes, as a result of which there is hyperproduction or violation of the utilization of triglycerides and LDL cholesterol or hyperproduction and violations of the clearance of the HDL.

Primary breach of lipid exchange can be diagnosed in patients with clinical symptoms of these disorders, the early beginning of atherosclerosis (up to 60 years), in individuals with a family history of atherosclerosis, or if the content of serum cholesterol > 240 mg/DL (>6.2 mmol/l).

Secondary violation of lipid metabolism occurs, as a rule, the population of the developed countries as a result of sedentary lifestyle, consumption of foods containing large amounts of cholesterol, saturated fatty acids.

Other causes of secondary disorders of lipid metabolism may be:
1. Diabetes mellitus.
2. The abuse of alcohol.
3. Chronic renal failure.
4. Hyperthyroidism.
5. Primary biliary cirrhosis.
6. Administration of some drugs (beta-blockers, anti-retroviral drugs, estrogens, progestins, glucocorticoids).

Hereditary disorders of lipid metabolism:

A small number of people are hereditary metabolic disorders of lipoprotein, which are manifested in the Hyper - or hyperlipoproteinemia. The reason for them is a violation of the synthesis, transport or splitting of lipoproteins.

In accordance with the generally accepted classification, there are 5 types of hyperlipoproteinemia.

1. The existence of type 1 is caused by lack of activity LPL. Due to this, from the bloodstream very slowly appear chylomicrons. They accumulate in the blood, the higher the norms of the notes and the level of VLDL.
2. Hyperlipoproteinemy type 2 is divided into two subtypes: 2A, characterized by high content in the blood LDL, and 2B (increase in LDL, HDL and VLDL). 2 type hyperlipoproteinemia causes high, and in some cases very high, hypercholesterolemic with the development of atherosclerosis and ischemic heart disease. The content of triacylglycerols in the blood within normal limits (2A type) or moderately high (2B type). Hyperlipoproteinemy type 2 is typical for severe disease - hereditary hypercholesterolemia affecting young people. In the case of the homozygous form it is fatal at the young age of myocardial infarction, stroke, and other complications of atherosclerosis. Hyperlipoproteinemy type 2 is pervasive.
3. When hyperlipoproteinemia type 3 (dysbetalipoproteinemia) violated the transformation of VLDL in LDL-C, and in the blood appear pathological flotation LDL, or VLDL. In blood is increased the content of cholesterol and triacylglycerols. This type are rare.
4. The type 4 hyperlipoproteinemia the main change lies in the increase of VLDL. As a result, in blood serum significantly increased content of triacylglycerols. Combined with atherosclerosis of coronary vessels, obesity, diabetes. Develops mainly in adults and is quite common.
5. 5 type hyperlipoproteinemia - an increase in serum blood content HMM, HDL and VLDL, associated with a moderately low activity lipoprotein lipase. The concentration of LDL and HDL below the norm. The content of triacylglycerols in the blood is increased, while the concentration of cholesterol within normal limits or moderately increased. Occurs in adults, but the broad spread of none.
Typing hyperlipoproteinemia is carried out in the laboratory on the basis of the research content in the blood of the various classes of lipoproteins photometric methods.

More informative as a predictor atherosclerosis lesions of the coronary vessels has the ratio of cholesterol in the composition of the HDL. Even more informative is the coefficient that reflects the attitude of the atherogenic PL to the antiatherogenic.

The higher this ratio, the greater the risk of occurrence and progression of the disease. In healthy individuals it does not exceed 3-3, 5 (higher for males than for females). In patients with IHD he reaches 5-6 or more units.

Diabetes is a disease of lipid metabolism?

Manifestations of metabolic disorders of lipid so strongly expressed in diabetes, the diabetes is often called more disease lipid than carbohydrate metabolism. The main violations of the exchange of lipids in diabetes - the strengthening of the collapse of the lipids, increase the production of ketone bodies and decrease in the synthesis of fatty acids and triacylglycerols.

In a healthy person, usually 50% of the received glucose breaks down CO2 and H2O; about 5% is converted into glycogen, and the rest of the turns in the lipids in the fat depot. With diabetes, only 5% glucose turns into lipids in the fact that the number of decaying to CO2 and H2O glucose is also reduced, and the number of converted into glycogen changed slightly. The result of violations of the consumption of glucose becomes increasing of the level of glucose in the blood and delete it from urine. The deficit of glucose leads to a decrease in the synthesis of fatty acids.

In patients not receiving treatment there has been an increase in the plasma content triacylglycerols and chylomicrons and plasma is often lipemic. Increasing the level of these components is a decrease of lipolysis in fat depots. Lowering activity lipoprotein lipase additionally contributes to the reduction of lipolysis.

The peroxide oxidation of lipids

The peculiarity of lipids of cellular membranes is their significant unsaturation. Unsaturated fatty acids are easily exposed to the decomposition of the peroxide - PAUL (lipid peroxidation). The reaction of membrane damage caused to the so called «peroxide stress».

In the basis of gender is free radical mechanism.
Free radical pathology is smoking, cancer, ischemia, hyperoxia, aging, diabetes, i.e. practically in all diseases takes place uncontrolled formation of free radicals of oxygen and intensification of the FLOOR.
The cell has a system of protection against free-radical damage. Antioxidant system of cells and tissues of the body includes 2 level: the enzyme and non-enzymatic.

Enzymatic antioxidants:
- Sod (superoxide dismutase) and hepatocuprein involved in the neutralization of free radicals of oxygen;
- catalase, catalytic decomposition of hydrogen peroxide; the system of glutathione, providing catabolism lipid peroxides, peroxide modified nucleotides and steroids.
Even short-term lack of non-enzymatic antioxidants, especially vitamin antioxidant action (tocopherol and retinol, ascorbate), leading to persistent or permanent damage to cell membranes.

Which doctor should I contact if there is a breach of lipid exchange

• Cardiologist
• Therapeutist
• Family doctor
• Endocrinologist
• Geneticist

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Do you feel disrupted lipid exchange? You should be very careful approach to your health in general. People pay not enough attention to the symptoms of the disease and don't realize that these diseases can be critically dangerous. There are many diseases that in the beginning didn't manifest in our body, but in the end it turns out, unfortunately, it have already been treated too late. Every disease has its own specific features typical symptoms - called symptoms of the disease. Definition of symptoms is the first step in the diagnosis of diseases in general. You just need a few times a year to be screened by a doctor, not only to prevent a terrible disease, but also to maintain a healthy spirit in a body and the organism in general.

Disorders by category

Disorders by alphabet

Map of the symptoms and the types of disorders is intended solely for educational purposes. We strongly recommend do NOT self-medicate; on all matters relating to the definition of the disease and ways of its treatment, contact your doctor. Md-tips is not responsible for the consequences of use information posted on the site.