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Symptoms of disease - violation of memory

The memory - it is the psychic function, which provides fixation (reception, impregnation), preservation (retention) and play (reproduction) of different impressions, gives an opportunity to save information and use the same experience.
The phenomenon of memory may equally apply to the emotional sphere and the sphere of perceptions, the motor processes, and intellectual experience. In accordance with this there are several types of memory.

Shape memory - the ability to remember the images of the items: visual (visual or iconic memory), auditory (hearing or echoic memory), taste, etc.
The notion of a motor memory determine the ability to remember a sequence and formulas movements. Allocate memory for the internal States, for example, emotional (emotional memory), visceral pain (pain, discomfort, etc.).

Specific for man is the symbolic memory, in which distinguish memory on words (characters) and the memory of the thoughts, ideas (logical memory).

Individual memory varies in volume, speed, accuracy and strength of memory. The amount of memory is calculated amount of information, which may be therein recorded.

Memory (speed, accuracy, memory and forgetting largely depends on the personal qualities of the particular relationship of the person to the fact that shall be subject to memorize.

Memory associated with the attitude of the impressions. Important to remember is the spontaneity of thinking - mental stereotypes lead to intellectual blindness.

Distinguish spontaneous and free memory. In the first case, the memory accompanied by human activity and is not connected with the specific intention remember anything. Any memory associated with the pre-installed on memory. It is the most productive and is the Foundation of all learning, but requires compliance with special conditions (comprehension memorized of the material, maximum attention and concentration).

Depending on the organization of the processes of memory, and the duration of the retention of information to distinguish the immediate, short-term, intermediate (buffer) and long-term types of memory. The first three species are sometimes combined in short-term memory. Each of them is realized on the basis of various mechanisms, has a different capacity, the specifics of the written data. Short-term memory is divided also by the so-called direct print, an intermediate form of short-term memory (or stage of consolidation) and the RAM.

Information for immediate translated into short-term memory. This modal and non-specific type of memory (single-drive information). The information is presented in an abstract serial code. The volume of short-term memory is equal to 7 A2 structural units or blocks, each of which can be indicated by a single word or short phrase. Processes of short-term memory can be operated arbitrarily. The information storage in a memory - up to 20 seconds - term, sufficient for identification, selection and coding of signals. The work of short-term memory illustrate the phenomenon eydetizma. This form of memory is characterized by increased sensitivity to different external influences (intoxication, hypoxia, injury, emotions). Memory as a variety of short-term memory, is used to hold information in the course of its extraction from long-term memory in the process of implementation of those or other kinds of activity and has an exceptionally large role in the implementation of almost all mental processes.

Intermediate (buffer) memory is the only repository of information, in which it is kept up to three days.

Long-term memory provides storage impressions practically during the whole life. Long-term memory has a motor, figurative and verbal structure. In each of them there is two blocks of information. In the first, the last is stored in an organized manner and actively used. This is about 10% of all stocks of long-term memory (on average). In the other block of the information unorganized and arbitrary play for the majority of people is not available.

Which diseases there is violation of memory

There are two main types of memory disorders, as well as a special type of violations, which can be described as a violation of mnestic activities (or pseudo amnesia).

Memory disorders manifest violations of memory, storage, forgetting and play various types of information and personal experience. Distinguish between quantitative violations, which are easing, loss or gain traces of memory, and the quality of the violation (paramnesia), where there are false memories, a mixture of the past and present, of the real and the imaginary.

Quantitative memory disorders include amnesia, hypermnesia and hypomnesia.

Amnesia, loss of memory for different information, skills or to one or another period of time.
- When fixation amnesia there is the loss of ability to memorize and play the new information. Sharply weakened or missing memory in the current, recent events while maintaining it on purchased in the past, knowledge. Orientation in the environment that time, the surrounding persons in a situation of disturbed - amnestic disorientation.

- Retrograde amnesia, loss of memory for events that preceded the state of altered consciousness, roughly organic brain damage, hypoxia (for example, self hanging), the development of acute psychotic syndrome. Amnesia can be distributed on different for the duration of periods of time from several minutes, hours, days to several months and even years. A space of memory can be persistent, stationary, but in many cases memories partially or fully later returned. In the latter case, it is, obviously, about the violations of reproductive function of memory. Restoration of the memory, if it occurs, usually begins the advent of the memories of the more remote events and goes in the direction to a more fresh. Less than a sequence of recovery of traces of memory may be different. We saw only one case, when the memories come back in the opposite order from the recent toward more distant.

- Anterograde amnesia is a loss of memoirs about the events directly following the end of the unconscious or other explicit mental disorders. Amnesia may travel considerable periods of time, up to several days, months, maybe years. Identification of the anterograde amnesia meets sometimes of great difficulties, sometimes it is mixed with fixation and congrade amnesia. In the basis of development of anterograde amnesia is blocking mechanisms to ensure the translation of the information from the «short» and the intermediate forms of memory to long-term memory. Anterograde amnesia can be combined with the retrograde, as is evident in the above-mentioned observation, - anterograde amnesia.

- Congrade amnesia is characterized by a loss of memory about the events in the surrounding and about their own well-being for the period of impaired consciousness. Amnesia can be full or total, which is typical for the twilight darkened States, amentia expressed stupefaction.

Hypomnesia, or the weakening of memory, most often manifested in the form of dysmnesia - the uneven destruction of the different functions of memory in the first place perforated and reproduction. One of the early signs of dysmnesia is a violation of the election reproduction in the form of the inability to think of any fact necessary in the moment, though later this fact POPs in the memory itself. Sign of a relatively light of weakening of memory is also forgetting that of any fact the patient has already reported earlier this person.
Upcoming memory loss is more noticeable in respect of mechanical memory than the verbal-logical. Disturbed, first of all, storing and playback of reference material -- dates, names, numbers, names, terms, persons, etc. Quickly forgotten also fresh and less enshrined impressions. Deteriorating orientation in time, suffers from a chronological memory, violated the sense of time.

Hypermnesia - pathological aggravation of memory, is manifested too many memories, which are bright sensual-shaped, appear with great ease and cover the event as a whole, and the smallest of its details. Play the logical sequence of facts violated, amplified, mainly mechanical and shaped types of memory. Events are grouped in series, reflecting their communications on border, similarity and contrast. Hypermnesia is not homogenous and can be differentiated by the number of options depending on the clinical context in which it occurs (affective pathology, hallucinatory-delirious condition, Top Differences Between Russian and Ukrainian Women Ukrainian Brides https://sweetydate.com/blog/top-differences-between-russian-and-ukrainian-women-115 . the state of confusing consciousness).

Hypermnesia occurs when hypomanic and manic States, in the initial stages of intoxication (alcohol, hashish, etc.), in prodrome expansive forms of progressive paralysis, in case of schizophrenia in a state of hypnotic sleep. Hypermnesia may be in a depression - clearly recall the most minor episodes of the past, in harmony with low self-esteem and the ideas of self-reprimands. Hypermnesia is partial, of the election.

Paramnesia (distortion, deception), or qualitative memory disorder, are both independently and in combination with the quantitative violations. The complexity of the symptoms paramnesia more difficult for them to delimitation and classification.

To violations of memory also include and phenomena previously seen, heard and experienced, tested, have been told (deja vu deja entendu, deja vecu, deja eprouve, deja raconte)--for the first time seen, heard, read or experience is perceived as a familiar, encountered previously and currently repeated; and, on the contrary, the phenomena never seen, not heard, not experiences, etc. (jamais vu, jamais vecu, jamais entendu, etc.). A familiar, well-known, familiar is perceived as a new, not previously encountered. Past life recall without feeling personally experienced.

Among the violations of memory allocated illusion of recognition. Under such abnormal functioning of the memory of the unfamiliar faces, objects, the situation shall be taken for the other, really existing and well-known patient. Most often arise in relation to the people. The illusion of recognition of concern is usually one or a limited group of persons or objects, the less likely there are multiple, " they, sensitive and immediately forgotten. Occur on the background of disorientation in place, the time and atmosphere in the obscurity of consciousness, amnesic syndrome (intoxication), disease, senile psychosis). The illusory false recognition with a sense of passing resemblance without full identification of the objects may occur in the asthenic conditions. In psychological terms the appearance of the illusions of recognition, probably, connected with violation of the mechanisms of apperception - comparison of current experiences with past experiences, forming the basis of recognition of objects.

Syndromes of memory disorders

Korsakoff's syndrome
In 1887. S.S.. Korsakov first described the violations of the memory associated with chronic alcoholism. Determination of memory is the main clinical manifestation of the Korsacov syndrome (cs). Violation of memory (amnesia) - is at the COP isolated disorder. Other higher brain function (intelligence, praxis, the gnosis, speech) remain intact or are being violated in an insignificant degree. As a rule, does not have the positive behavioral disorders. This topic is the main differential-diagnostic honors COP from other States with acute violations of memory (e.g., dementia).

In addition to alcoholism, the causes of this syndrome may be a deficiency of thiamine other etiology (starvation, malabsorption syndrome, inadequate parenteral nutrition), as well as the defeat of structures hippocampal leg as a result of tumors, trauma, violations of cerebral circulation of the blood in the basin of the posterior cerebral arteries, the acute hypoxic encephalopathy, etc.

Memory disturbances in dementia of
Violation of the memory is obligatory sign of dementia. The latter is defined as acquired as a result of organic disease of the brain diffuse violation of the higher brain functions, leading to considerable difficulties in daily life. The prevalence of dementias among the population is very high, particularly in old age: from 5 to 10% of persons over 65 years of age have dementia.

Senile memory disorders
The slight loss of memory is not a pathology for the elderly and senile age. Numerous experimental work suggests that healthy older persons worse assimilate new information and experience difficulties when removing from the memory adequately studied information compared to more young people. Normal age-related changes in memory occur in the range of 40 to 65 years of age and do not progress in the future. They never lead to significant difficulties in everyday life, there is no amnesia during the current or distant events. Assistance in learning in conjunction with the tip when playing a significantly improves digestion and reproduction of the information. Audioverbal memory in normal aging suffers to a greater extent than visual or motor.

Age-related changes in memory, possibly, have a secondary character and connected with the weakening of the concentration and a decrease in the speed of reaction to external stimuli, which leads to the failure of the processes of encoding and decoding the information on the stages of remembering and play. This explains the high efficiency of the methods that stimulate the attention of a patient with learning. According to some data, the weakening of memory with age correlates with a decrease in the cerebral metabolic rate and the number of glial.

Pathological dysmnestische syndrome elderly is “benign senile forgetfulness”, or “senile amnestic syndrome”. Crook and colleagues named the same symptom complex “related with the age of the violations of memory”. This term is also widely used in the foreign literature. Under these terms is understood expressed memory disorder in the elderly, beyond the age norms. In contrast to the dementia of memory disorders in benign senile forgetfulness are monosimptomom, not progressing and does not lead to gross violations of social interaction.

Benign senile forgetfulness, probably, is heterogeneous on the etiology condition. In some cases the memory disorder in the elderly are functional in nature and relate to the emotional-affective and motivational violations. In other cases we are talking about organic disease of the brain vascular or degenerative nature.

Dysmetabolic encephalopathy
In the clinic of somatic diseases violations of memory and other cognitive functions can be caused by dysmetabolic cerebral disorders. Loss of memory regularly accompanies hypoxemia with pulmonary insufficiency, deployed stage of liver and kidney failure, prolonged hypoglycemia. Well known mnemic violations in hypothyroidism, the deficiency of vitamin B12 and folic acid, intoxications, including medicines. Among the means, which may adversely affect cognitive abilities, it is important to note the Central holinolitiki. Holinoliticski action have also tricyclic antidepressants and antipsychotics. Drugs benzodiazepine weaken a number of focus and concentration, and with long-term use in high doses can lead to violations of the memory, like a COP. It should be taken into account that older people are especially sensitive to psychotropic drugs. Narcotic analgesics also may adversely affect attention, mnemic function and intellect. In practice, these drugs are often used with nonpharmaceutical objectives. Timely correction of dismetabolic disorders usually leads to a full or partial regression of mnemic violations.

Psychogenic disorders of memory
Loss of memory, along with violations of attention and mental performance - specific cognitive symptoms of severe depression. In some cases, the severity of cognitive disorders may lead to the erroneous diagnosis of dementia (the so-called pseudodementia). Pathological mechanisms and phenomenology mnemonic violations with depression are very similar to the subcortical dementia. According to some researchers, like in the States are also neurochemical and metabolic changes that are responsible for memory loss (deficit ascending monoaminergic systems, hypometabolism in the frontal lobes of the brain). However, in contrast to the subcortical dementia mnemonic defect with depression is less persistent. In particular, he will pay with adequate antidepressant therapy. It should also be borne in mind, that which is typical for some patients with depression motor retardation, seeming indifference to the surrounding and nonparticipation in the conversation with the doctor (and in neuropsychological testing) can create an exaggerated impression of the patient degenerate intellectual and frustration.

Passing of memory
Often the disorder of memory is temporary in nature (on the type of “failure” in memory). The patient fully amnesia a certain period of time. At the same time during the examination and neuropsychological tests did not reveal any significant disorders mnemic functions. The most often transient memory disorders are observed in case of alcoholism being one of the earliest manifestations of the disease. “Failure in memory” (“palimpsest”) caused by use of alcohol, do not always correlate with the amount of ethanol. The behaviour of the patient during the “amnestic episodes” may be perfectly adequate. Occasionally “lapses in memory” may occur with abuse of tranquilizers benzo diazepine of the series and the opiates.

Complaints about “lapses of memory” are typical for epilepsy patients amnesia fit and a period of confusion after him. When without convulsive seizures (for example, complex partial seizures in temporal lobe epilepsy) of the complaint to the periodic amnesia short periods of time may be the main manifestation of the disease.

Traumatic brain injury is often accompanied by a short retrograde amnesia (for the period of up to a few hours before the injury) and long fixation of posttraumatic amnesia. The latter is characterized by amnesia to the current events in several days after the injury with a clear consciousness of the patient. In the basis of posttraumatic amnesia is probably dysfunction reticular formation and its relationship with hippocampus, which leads to violation of the consolidation of the trace in long-term memory. A similar condition can occur after electroconvulsive therapy.

A relatively rare form is transient global amnesia. Transient global amnesia is characterized by sudden and short-term (a few hours) gross violation of the memory of the current and past events. After the seizure of clear violations of memory, as a rule, is not revealed. Attack of transient global amnesia repeated rarely. In their basis, presumably, is discrete circulation in the basin of both posterior cerebral arteries. It is known that the rear brain arteries supply blood deep section of the hippocampus, related to the consolidation of the trace in long-term memory. According to another hypothesis, transient global amnesia has epileptic nature, and on the basis of this syndrome is the activity of the epileptic foci in the deep divisions hippocampal area.

Which doctor should I contact if there is a violation of memory

• Psychiatrist

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Map of the symptoms and the types of disorders is intended solely for educational purposes. We strongly recommend do NOT self-medicate; on all matters relating to the definition of the disease and ways of its treatment, contact your doctor. Md-tips is not responsible for the consequences of use information posted on the site.